Articles

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Berry Beaumont - Force Feeding

Hunger Strikers and Force-Feeding during the Troubles

By Ian Miller, Ulster University In  the mid-1970s, the force-feeding of Northern Irish prisoners led the World Medical Association (WMA) to establish stricter guidance on how doctors respond to hunger strikes. Force-feeding, always considered an ethically dubious practice, had been used in British and Irish prisons since the suffragette hunger strikes of 1909-14. The WMA […]

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First Aid Kit (with contents). Courtesy of Northern Ireland War Memorial.

5. A Hidden Health Crisis

It had once been easy to ignore the slums scattered across Belfast’s destitute working class areas, and the dismal, unhygienic conditions which the poorest lived in. The destruction of working-class housing made the problems afflicting these previously hidden communities visible, exposing Belfast’s concealed shame. Poverty and unemployment had deepened during the 1930s, a decade of

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St. Georges Market in 1920s

3. Makeshift Morgues

Before the Blitz, emergency planners had estimated that Belfast’s mortuary services would need to cope with around 200 bodies at worst. On the night of the 15th, the number of corpses at the Mater alone amounted to 80. The bodies, or what remained of them (which wasn’t always very much), overspilled into the hospital’s back

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Gas Attacks in Second World War Belfast

1. Preparing for the Blitz

In the Second World War (1939-45), Éire remained neutral. Northern Ireland, formally part of the British jurisdiction, took to arms. Historians describe the conflict as ‘total war’, a type of warfare that targets and involves civilians, as well as soldiers. Since the First World War (1914-18), aircraft technologies had developed rapidly. By the 1930s, it

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Midwifery in Early 20th-Century Belfast

Regulating Midwifery in Early 20th-Century Belfast

By Caitlin Smith, Ulster University During the early decades of the twentieth century, local and state governments became increasingly concerned with the regulation of midwifery both in Ireland and Britain. This grew from a fear that uncontrolled midwifery practices increased infant mortality rates. Handywomen – women who offered their services during childbirth despite having no

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The AIDS Crisis in Belfast

by Rebecca Brown, Ulster University Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an infection which attacks the body’s immune system and, if left untreated, will severely damage the individual’s immune system.[1] In the final stage of the HIV infection, an infected individual will develop Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) making them susceptible to serious infections and rare cancers.[2]

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Feminist Activism, Rona Fields and the History of Trauma during the Troubles

by Ian Miller, Ulster University In the early years of the Troubles, some Northern Irish doctors began to worry that conflict was causing psychological and emotional problems. Alex Lyons, a Purdysburn Hospital doctor, investigated a period of rioting in West Belfast in August and September 1969, a time of arson, looting and intimidation that helped

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Working in a Warzone: The Challenges Faced by Medical Staff Working during the Troubles

By Ruth Coon, Queen’s University Belfast The Troubles (1968-1998) created a complex work environment for healthcare staff in Northern Ireland. They experienced challenges to their neutrality and medical ethics, as well as threats and dangers at work. In my research, a number of medical staff who worked at various hospitals across Northern Ireland were interviewed

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Polio and its Survivors in Twentieth-Century Belfast

by Hannah Brown, Ulster University Poliomyelitis merges three Greek words, ‘polio,’ ‘myelo,’ and ‘itis,’ which translates respectively to ‘grey matter’, ‘spinal cord’ and ‘swelling’.[1] Poliomyelitis is often referred to as polio or infantile paralysis. The highly contagious disease is spread faecal-orally and is caused by a wild-type polio virus type 1, 2 or 3.[2] Polio

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The Therapeutic Revolution in Belfast, 1910s-60s: Medical Utopia or Dystopia?

by Ian Miller, Ulster University Belfast Health Week In June 1933, Ulster Hall hosted an event named Belfast Health Week. The Week was intended to ‘impress upon the general public the social and individual importance of hygiene, emphasizing the positive benefits of health rather than the negative results of disease’. Through films, lectures and exhibits,

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Shell-Shock in First World War Belfast and its Aftermath

by Michael Robinson, University of Liverpool The conditions of modern warfare calling large numbers of men into action, the tremendous endurance, physical and mental, required, and the widely destructive effect of modern artillery fire will undoubtedly make their influence felt in a future war, and we shall have to deal with a larger percentage of

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Protecting and Promoting Pupil’s Health in Edwardian Belfast Schools

By Tom Thorpe, Independent In August 1913, Dr H.W. Baillie, Belfast’s Medical Superintendent Officer of Health delivered his report on the city’s public health for the previous year. During 1912, Belfast reported its second lowest death rate ever but he noted that around 650 children had died from the seven ‘zymotic’ (infectious) diseases such as

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Insanity, Poverty and Excessive Tea Drinking in Late-Victorian Belfast

by Ian Miller, Ulster University In 1872, an alarmed lady wrote to the Freeman’s Journal reporting that: Taking shelter in a cottage, near Banbridge, County Down, some time ago, during a shower of rain, and noticing the teapot on the hob, I observed that tea stewed in that way did a great deal of harm. The woman

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Why Did Ulster Patients Travel to Scottish Asylums for Mental Health Care, c.1840-1900?

By Michael Kinsella, Ulster University Scotland’s nineteenth-century chartered asylums had philanthropic roots and developed very differently from the Irish district asylum system. They were not designated as pauper institutions and due to their charitable foundations were profoundly influenced by their relationship with the ‘urban Scottish middle class’.[1] They were also progressive by the standards of

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